The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine

Electron Spin Resonance Facility

Garry Buettner Publications

Research Papers

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1 Buettner GR, Coffman RE. (1977) EPR determination of the Co(II)-free radical magnetic geometry of the doublet species arising in a coenzyme B(12)-enzyme reaction. Biochim Biophys Acta. 480: 495-505. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
2 Buettner GR, Oberley LW. (1978) Considerations in the spin trapping of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals in aqueous systems using 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 83: 69-74. **Citation Classic** abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
3 Buettner GR, Oberley LW, Leuthauser SWHC. (1978) The effect of iron on the distribution of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals as seen by spin trapping and on the superoxide dismutase assay." Photochem Photobiol. 28: 693-695. **Citation Classic** abstract available article .pdf available
4 Buettner GR, Oberley LW. (1979) Superoxide formation by protoporphyrin as seen by spin trapping. FEBS Lett. 98: 18-20. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
5 Oberley LW, Buettner GR. (1979) The production of hydroxyl radical by bleomycin and Fe(II). FEBS Lett. 97: 47-49. article .pdf available doi link available
6 Buettner GR, Oberley LW. (1979) The production of hydroxyl radical by tallysomycin and copper(II). FEBS Lett. 101: 333-335. abstract available article .pdf available  
7 Burns CP, Luttenegger DG, Dudley DT, Buettner GR, Spector A.A. (1979) Effect of modification of plasma membrane fatty acid composition in fluidity and methotrexate transport in L-1210 murine leukemia cells. Cancer Research. 39: 1726-1732. abstract available article .pdf available
8 Coffman RE, Buettner GR. (1979) A limit function for long-range ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic superexchange. J Phys Chem. 83: 2387-2391.   article .pdf available doi link available
9 Coffman RE, Buettner GR. (1979) The general magnetic dipolar interaction of spin-spin coupled molecular dimers: Application to an EPR spectrum of xanthine oxidase. J Phys Chem. 83: 2392-2400.   article .pdf available doi link available
10 Oberley LW, Oberley TD, Buettner GR. (1980) Cell differentiation, aging and cancer: The possible roles of superoxide and superoxide dismutase. Med. Hypotheses. 6: 244-268. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
11 Buettner GR, Oberley LW (1980) The apparent production of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals by hematoporphyrin and light as seen by spin trapping. FEBS Lett. 121: 161-164. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
12 Oberley LW, Oberley TD, Buettner GR (1981) Cell division in normal and transformed cells: The possible role of superoxide dismutase and hydrogen peroxide. Med. Hypotheses. 7: 21-42. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
13 Buettner GR, Doherty TP, Patterson LK. (1983) The kinetics of the reaction of superoxide with Fe(III)EDTA, Fe(III)DETAPAC and Fe(III)HEDTA. FEBS Lett. 183: 143-146.   article .pdf available doi link available
14 Buettner GR, Doherty TD, Bannister TD. (1984) Hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical formation by methylene blue in the presence of ascorbic acid. Rad Environ Biophys. 23: 235-242. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
15 Buettner GR. (1984) Thiyl free radical production with hematoporphyrin derivative, cysteine and light: A spin-trapping study. FEBS Lett. 177: 295-299. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
16 Motten AG, Buettner GR, Chignell CF. (1985) A spin-trapping study of light induced free radicals of chlorpromazine and promazine. Spectroscopic studies of cutaneous photosensitizers VIII. Photochem Photobiol. 42: 9-15. abstract available article .pdf available  
17 Buettner GR, Need MJ. (1985) Hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl free radical production by hematoporphyrin derivative, ascorbate and light. Cancer Lett. 25: 297-304. abstract available article .pdf available  
18 Buettner GR.(1985) An easy DCl(g) prep for the basic HCl(g)-DCl(g) IR experiment. J Chem Ed. 62: 524.   article .pdf available  
19 Buettner GR, Motten A.G, Hall RD, Chignell CF. (1986) Free radical production by chlorpromazine sulfoxide, An ESR spin-trapping and flash photolysis study. Photochem Photobiol. 44: 5-10. abstract available article .pdf available  
20 Buettner GR. (1986) Ascorbate autoxidation in the presence of iron and copper chelates. Free Rad Res Commun 1: 349-353. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
21 Buettner GR, Saran M, Bors W. (1986) The kinetics of the reaction of ferritin with superoxide. Free Rad Res Commun. 2: 369-372. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
22 Hall RD, Buettner GR, Motten AG, Chignell CF. (1987) Near-infared detection of singlet molecular oxygen photosensitized by promazine and chlorpromazine. Photochem Photobiol. 46: 295-301. abstract available article .pdf available  
23 Buettner GR, Hall RD. (1987) Superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and singlet oxygen in hematoporphyrin derivative, -cysteine, -NADH and light systems. Biochim Biophys Acta. 923: 501-507. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
24 Buettner GR, Motten AG, Hall RD, Chignell CF. (1987) ESR detection of endogenous ascorbate free radical in mouse skin: Enhancement of radical production during UV irradiation following topical application of chlorpromazine. As a Rapid Communication in Photochem Photobiol. 46: 161-164. abstract available article .pdf available  
25 Buettner GR. (1987) The reaction of superoxide, formate radical, and hydrated electron with transferrin and its model compound Fe(III)-ethylenediamine-N,N'-bis(2-hydroxylphenyl acetic acid) as studied by pulse radiolysis. J Biol Chem. 262: 11995-11998. abstract available article .pdf available  
26 Li ASW, Cummings KB, Roethling HP, Buettner GR, Chignell CF. (1988) A spin trapping data base implemented on the IBM PC/AT. J Mag Resonance.. 79: 140-142.   article .pdf available doi link available
27 Buettner GR. (1988) In the absence of catalytic metals, ascorbate does not autoxidize at pH 7: Ascorbate as a test for catalytic metals. J Biochem Biophys Meth. 16: 27-40. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
28 Buettner GR, Hall RD, Chignell CF, Motten AG. (1989) The stepwise biphotonic photoionization of chlorpromazine as seen by laser flash photolysis. Photochem Photobiol. 49: 249-256. abstract available article .pdf available  
29 Buettner GR, Chamulitrat W. (1990) The catalytic activity of iron in synovial fluid as monitored by the ascorbate free radical." Free Rad Biol Med. 8: 55-56. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
30 Buettner GR, Britigan BE. (1990) The spin trapping of superoxide with M4PO (3,3,5,5-tetramethylpyrroline-N-oxide). Free Rad Bio Med. 8: 57-60. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
31 Buettner GR. (1990) Ascorbate oxidation: UV absorbance of ascorbate and ESR spectroscopy of the ascorbyl radical as assays for iron. Free Rad Res Comm. 10: 5-9. abstract available article .pdf available  
32 Buettner GR. (1990) On the reaction of superoxide with DMPO/·OOH. Free Rad Res Comm. 10: 11-15. abstract available article .pdf available  
33 Bors W, Buettner GR, Michel C, Saran M. (1990) Does superoxide react with calcium? Arch Biochem Biophys. 278: 269-272. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
34 Britigan BE, Coffman TJ, Buettner GR. (1990) Spin trapping evidence for the lack of significant hydroxyl radical production during the respiratory burst of human phagocytes using a spin trap resistant to superoxide mediated destruction. J Biol Chem. 265: 2650-2656. abstract available article .pdf available  
35 Britigan BE, Pou S, Rosen GM., Lilleg DM, Buettner GR. (1990) Hydroxyl radical is not a product of the reaction of xanthine oxidase and xanthine. J Biol Chem. 265: 17533-17538. abstract available article .pdf available  
36 Buettner GR, Scott BD, Kerber RE, Mügge A. (1991) Free radicals from plastic syringes. Free Rad Biol Med. 11: 69-70. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
37 Hall RD, Buettner GR, Chignell CF (1991) The biphotonic photoionization of chlorpromazine during conventional flash photolysis: Spin trapping results with 5,5-dimethylpyrroline-N-oxide. Photochem Photobiol. 54: 167-173. abstract available article .pdf available  
38 Britigan BE, Roeder TL, Buettner GR. (1991) Spin traps inhibit formation of hydrogen peroxide via the dismutation of superoxide: Implications for spin trapping the hydroxyl free radical. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1075: 213-222. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
39 Buettner GR, Kiminyo KP (1992) Optimal of weak nitroxide spin adduct and ascorbate free radical signals. J Biochem Biophys Meth. 24: 147-151. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
40 North JA, Spector AA, Buettner GR. (1992) Detection of lipid radicals by electron paramagnetic resonance spin trapping in intact cells enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acid. As a Rapid Communication in J Biol Chem. 267: 5743-5746. abstract available article .pdf available  
41 Buettner GR, Moseley PL. (1992) Ascorbate both activates and inactivates bleomycin by free radical generation. Biochemistry. 31: 9784-9788. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
42 Wagner BA, Buettner GR, Burns CP. (1992) Membrane peroxidative damage enhancement by the ether lipid class of antineoplastic agents. Cancer Res. 52: 6045-6051. abstract available article .pdf available  
43 Dykens JA, Shick JM, Benoit C, Buettner GR, Winston GW. (1992) Oxygen radical production in the sea anemone Anthopleura Elegantissima and its endosymbiotic algae. J Exp Biol. 168: 219-241.   article .pdf available  
44 Buettner GR. (1993) The spin trapping of superoxide and hydroxyl free radicals with DMPO (5-5-dimethylpyrroline-N-oxide): More about iron. Free Rad Res Comm. 19: S79-S87. abstract available article .pdf available  
45 Buettner GR, Moseley PL. (1993) ESR spin trapping of free radicals produced by bleomycin and ascorbate. Free Rad Res Comm. 19: S89-S93. abstract available article .pdf available  
46 Buettner GR, Sharma MK. (1993) The syringe nitroxide free radical - Part II. Free Rad Res Comm. 19: S227-S230. abstract available article .pdf available  
47 Buettner GR, Jurkiewicz BA. (1993) The ascorbate free radical as a marker of oxidative stress: An EPR study. Free Rad Biol Med. 14: 49-55. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
48 Wagner BA, Buettner GR, Burns CP. (1993) Increased generation of lipid-derived and ascorbate free radicals by L1210 cells exposed to the ether lipid edelfosine. As an Advance in Brief in Cancer Res. 53: 711-713. abstract available article .pdf available  
49 Sharma MK, Buettner GR. (1993) Interaction of Vitamin C and Vitamin E during free radical stress in plasma: An ESR study. Free Rad Biol Med. 14: 649-653. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
50 Buettner GR, Kelley EE, Burns CP. (1993) Membrane lipid free radicals produced from L1210 murine leukemia cells by Photofrin photosensitization: An EPR spin trapping study. As an Advance in Brief in Cancer Res. 53: 3670-3673. abstract available article .pdf available  
51 Jurkiewicz BA, Buettner GR. (1994) Ultraviolet light-induced free radical formation in skin: An electron paramagnetic resonance study. As a Rapid Communication in Photochem Photobiol. 59: 1-4.
abstract available article .pdf available  
52 Wagner BA, Buettner GR, Burns CP. (1994) Free radical-mediated lipid peroxidation in cells: Oxidizability is a function of cell lipid bis-allylic hydrogen content. As an Accelerated Publication in Biochemistry. 33: 4449-4453. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
53 Sharma MK, Buettner GR, Spencer K, Kerber RE. (1994) Ascorbyl free radical as a real-time marker of free radical generation during myocardial reperfusion: An electron paramagnetic resonance study. Circulation Research. 74: 650-658. abstract available article .pdf available  
54 North JA, Spector AA, Buettner GR. (1994) Cell fatty acid composition affects free radical formation during lipid peroxidation. Am J Physiol: 267 Cell Physiol. 36: C177-C188. abstract available article .pdf available  
55 Hall DM, Buettner GR, Mathes RD, Gisolfi CV. (1994) Hyperthermia stimulates nitric oxide formation: Electron paramagnetic resonance detection of ·NO - hemoglobin in blood. As a Rapid Communication in J Appl Physiol. 77: 548-553. abstract available article .pdf available  
56 Alexander-North LS, North JA, Kiminyo KP, Buettner GR, Spector AA. (1994) Polyunsaturated fatty acids increase lipid radical formation induced by oxidant stress in endothelial cells. J Lipid Res. 35: 1773-1785. abstract available article .pdf available  
57 Oppenheim SF, Buettner GR, Dordick JS, Rodgers VGJ. (1994) Applying electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy to the study of fouling in protein ultrafiltration. J Membrane Sci. 96: 289-297.   article .pdf available doi link available
58 Schedl HP, Christensen KK, Clark ED, Buettner GR. (1995) Surface charge, fluidity, and calcium uptake by rat intestinal brush border vesicles. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1234: 81-89.[ abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
59 Jurkiewicz BA, Bissett DL, Buettner GR. (1995) The effect of topically applied tocopherols on ultraviolet light-mediated free radical damage in skin. As a High Impact Paper in J Invest Derm. 104:484-488. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
60 Kelley EE, Buettner GR, Burns CP. (1995) Relative alpha-tocopherol deficiency in cultured tumor cells: Free radical-mediated lipid peroxidation, lipid oxidizability, and cellular polyunsaturated fatty acid content. Arch Biochem Biophys. 319: 102-109.[ abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
61 McCormick ML, Buettner GR, Britigan BE. (1995) The spin trap 4-POBN stimulates peroxidase-mediated oxidation of desferrioximine: Implications for pharmacological use of spin trapping agents. J Biol Chem. 270: 29265-25269. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
62 Buettner GR, Jurkiewicz BA. (1996) Catalytic metals, ascorbate, and free radicals: combinations to avoid. Invited Paper in Rad Research. 145: 532-541. abstract available article .pdf available  
63 Britigan BE, Ratcliffe HR, Buettner GR, Rosen GM. (1996) Binding of myeloperoxidase to bacteria: Effect of hydroxyl radical formation and susceptibility to oxidant-mediated killing. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1290: 231-240. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
64 Oppenheim SF, Buettner GR, Rodgers VGJ (1996) Relationship of rotational correlation time from EPR spectroscopy and protein-membrane interaction. J Membrane Sci. 118: 133-139   article .pdf available doi link available
65 Caterine MR, Spencer KT, Pagancarlo LA, Smith RS, Buettner GR, Kerber RE. (1996) Direct current shocks to the heart generate free radcials: An electron paramagnetic resonance study. J Am Coll Cardiology. 28: 1598-1609. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
66 Hempel SL, Buettner GR, Wessels DA, Galvan GM, O'Malley Y. (1996) Extracellular iron(II) can protect cells from hydrogen peroxide. Arch Biochem Biophys. 330: 401-408. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
67 Lindower PD, Spencer KT, Caterine MR, Sharma MK, Buettner GR, Kerber RE. (1996) Prolonged coronary artery occlusion-reperfusion sequences reduce myocardial free radical production: An electron paramagnetic resonance study. Am Heart J. 132: 1147-1155. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
68 Wagner BA, Buettner GR, Burns CP. (1996) Vitamin E slows the rate and delays the onset of free radical-mediated lipid peroxidation in cells. Arch Biochem Biophys. 334: 261-267. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
69 Jurkiewicz BA, Buettner GR. (1996) ESR detection of free radicals in UV-irradiated skin: Mouse versus man. Photochem Photobiol. 64: 918-922. abstract available article .pdf available
70 Oppenheim SF, Rich JO, Buettner GR, Rodgers VGJ. (1996) Protein structure change on adherence to ultrafiltration membranes. An examination by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Colloid and Interface Science. 183: 274-279.   article .pdf available doi link available
71 Kelley EE, Buettner GR, Burns CP. (1997) Production of lipid-derived free radicals in L1210 murine leukemia cells is an early event in the photodynamic action of Photofrin. Photochem Photobiol. 64: 576-580. abstract available article .pdf available  
72 Wallen ES, Buettner GR, Moseley PL. (1997) Oxidants differentially regulate the heat shock response. International Journal of Hyperthermia. 13: 517-24. abstract available article .pdf available  
73 Kelley EE, Domann FE, Buettner GR, Oberley LW, Burns CP. (1997) Increased efficacy of in vitro Photofrin photosensitization of human oral squamous cell carcinoma by the prooxidants iron and ascorbate. J Photochem Photobiol. 40: 273-277. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
74 Spencer KT, Lindower PD, Buettner GR, Kerber RE. (1998) Transition metal chelators reduce directly measured myocardial free radical production during reperfusion. J Cardiovascular Pharmacology 32: 343-348. abstract available article .pdf available  
75 McCormick ML, Buettner GR, Britigan BE. (1998) Endogenous superoxide dismutase levels regulate iron-dependent hydroxyl radical formation in Escherichia coli exposed to hydrogen peroxide. J Bacteriology 180: 622-625. abstract available article .pdf available  
76 Wagner BA, Buettner GR, Oberley LW, Burns CP. (1998) Sensitivity of K562 and HL-60 cells to edelfosin, an ether lipid drug, correlates with production of active oxygen species. Cancer Research 58: 2809-2816. abstract available article .pdf available  
77 Flanagan SW, Moseley PL, Buettner GR. (1998) Increased flux of free radicals in cells subjected to hyperthermia: detection by electron paramagnetic resonance spin trapping. FEBS Lett. 431: 285-286. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
78 Garcia LA, DeJong SC, Martin SM, Smith RS, Buettner GR, Kerber RE. (1998) Magnesium reduces free radicals in an in vivo occlusion-reperfusion model. J. Am Coll Cardiology. 32: 536-539. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
79 McCormick ML, Gaut JP, Lin T-S, Britigan BE, Buettner GR, Heinecke JW. (1998) Electron paramagnetic resonance reveals that horseradish peroxidase, lactoperoxidase and myeloperoxidase oxidize L-tyrosine to tyrosyl radical. J Biol Chem. 273: 32030-32037. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
80 Qian SY, Buettner GR. (1999) Iron and dioxygen chemistry is an important route to initiation of biological free radical oxidations: An electron paramagnetic resonance spin trapping study. Free Radic Biol Med, 26: 1447-1456. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
81 Tapley, D.W., Buettner, G.R., Shick, J.M. (1999) Free radicals and chemiluminescence as products of the spontaneous oxidation of sulfide in seawater, and their biological implications. Biol. Bull. 196: 2-56. abstract available article .pdf available  
82 Hempel SL, Buettner GR, O'Malley YQ, Wessels DA and Flaherty DA (1999) Fluorescein diacetate is superior for detecting intracellular oxidants: comparison to 2'7' dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, 5(and 6)-carboxy-2'7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate and dihydrorhodamine 123. Free Radic Biol Med, 27: 146-159. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
83 Pagan-Carlo, LA, Garcia LA, Buettner GR, Kerber RE. (1999) Captopril lowers coronary venous free radical concentration after direct current cardiac shocks. Chest, 116: 484-487. abstract available article .pdf available  
84 Kelley EE, Wagner BA, Buettner GR, Burns CP. (1999) Nitric oxide inhibits iron-induced lipid peroxidation in HL-60 cells. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 370: 97-104. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
85 Yang J-Q, Li S, Domann FE, Buettner GR, Oberley LW. (1999) Superoxide generation in v-Ha-ras transformed human keratinocyte HaCaT cells, Mol Carcinog 26:180-188. abstract available article .pdf available  
86 Schafer FQ, Buettner GR. (1999) Singlet oxygen toxicity is cell line-dependent: A study of lipid peroxidation in nine leukemia cell lines. Photochem Photobiol 70: 858-867. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
87 Hall DM, Oberley TD, Moseley PM, Buettner GR, Oberley LW, Weindruch R, Kregel KC. (2000) Caloric Restriction improves thermotolerance and reduces hyperthermia-induced cellular damage in old rats. FASEB J. 14: 78-86. abstract available article .pdf available  
88 Liu R, Buettner GR, Oberley LW. (2000) Oxygen free radicals mediate the induction of manganese superoxide dismutase gene expression by TNF-a in human oral carcinoma SCC-25 cells. Free Radic Biol Med 28(8): 1197-1205. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
89 Ridnour LA, Sim JE, Wink DA, Martin SM, Buettner GR, Spitz DR. (2000) A rapid spectrophotometric method for quantification of nitric oxide, nitrite, and nitrate in cell culture media. Anal Biochem 281(2): 223-229. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
90 Schafer FQ, Buettner GR. (2000) Acidic pH amplifies iron-mediated lipid peroxidation in cells. Free Radic Biol Med 28(8): 1175-1181. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
91 Ventkataraman S, Martin SM, Schafer F, Buettner GR. (2000) Detailed methods for the quantification of nitric oxide in aqueous solutions using either an oxygen monitor or EPR. Free Radic Biol Med 2000 Sep 15; 29(6): 580-5. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
92 Qian SY, Wang HP, Schafer FQ, Buettner GR. (2000) EPR detection of lipid-derived radicals from PUFA, LDL, and cell oxidations. Free Radic Biol Med. 29(6): 568-579. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
93 Schafer FQ, Qian SY, Buettner GR. (2000) Iron and free radical oxidations in cell membranes. Cell Mol Biol 46(3): 657-62. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
94 Wagner BA, Buettner GR, Oberley LW, Darby CJ, Burns CP (2000) Myeloperoxidase is Involved in H{sub2}O{sub2}-Induced Apoptosis of HL-60 Human Leukemia Cells. J Biol Chem. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
95 McCormick ML, Denning GM, Reszka KJ, Bilski P, Buettner GR, Rasmussen GT, Railsback MA, Britgan BE. (2000) Biological effects of menadione photochemistry: Effects of mendione on biological systems may not involve classical oxidant production. Biochem J. 350: 797-804. abstract available article .pdf available  
96 Wang HP, Qian SY, Schafer FQ, Domann FE, Oberley LW, Buettner GR. (2001) Phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase protects against the singlet oxygen-induced cell damage of photodynamic therapy. Free Radic Biol. Med. 30: 825-835. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
97 Schafer FQ, Buettner GR. (2001) Redox state of the cell as viewed though the glutathione disulfide/glutathione couple. Free Radic Biol Med. 30:1191-1212. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
98 Hall DM, Buettner GR, Oberley LW, Xu L, Matthes RD, Gisolfi, CV (2001) Mechanisms of circulatory and intestinal barrier dysfunction during whole body hyperthermia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 280: 509H-521H. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
99 Yang JQ, Li S, Huang Y, Zhang HJ, Domann FE, Buettner GR, Oberley LW. (2001) v-HaRas overexpression induces superoxide production and alters levels of primary antioxidant enzymes. Antioxidants and Redox Signaling. 3: 697-709. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
100 Zhang Y, Bissing JW, Xu LJ, Ryan AJ, Martin SM, Miller FJ, Kregel KC, Buettner GR, Kerber RE. (2001) Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors decrease coronary sinus-free radical concentration and ameliorate myocardial stunning in an ischemia-reperfusion model. J Am Coll Card. 38: 546-554. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
101 Yang JQ, Zhao WL, Duan H, Robbins MEC, Buettner GR, Oberley LW, Domann FE. (2001) v-Ha-RaS oncogene upregulates the 92-kDA type IV collagenase (MMP-9) gene by increasing cellular superoxide production and activating NF-kappa B. Free Radic Biol Med. 31: 520-529. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
102 Friel JK, Martin SM, Langdon M, Herzberg GR, Buettner GR. (2002) Milk from mothers of both premature and full-term infants provides better antioxidant protection than does infant formula. Pediatric Research 51: 612-618. abstract available article .pdf available  
103 Schafer FQ, Wang HP, Kelley EE, Cueno KL, Martin SM, Buettner GR. (2002) Comparing b-carotene, vitamin E and nitric oxide as membrane antioxidants. Biol Chem. 383: 671-681. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
104 Yang JQ, Buettner GR, Domann FE, Li QA, Engelhardt JF, Weydert CD, Oberley LW. (2002) v-Ha ras mitogenic signaling through superoxide and derived reactive oxygen species. Mol Carcinogen. 33: 206-218. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
105 Zhang HJ, Zhao W, Venkataraman S, Robbins ME, Buettner GR, Kregel KC, Oberley LW. (2002) Activation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 by overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells involves reactive oxygen species. J Biol Chem. 277: 20919-26. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
106 Baker MT, Gregerson MS, Martin SM, Buettner GR. (2002) Free radical and drug oxidation in an ICU sedative: Propofol with sulfite. Critical Care Medicine. 31:787-792.
This paper was the subject of the editorial, Sulfite-induced propofol oxidation: A Cause for Radical Concern, pp981-982.
  article .pdf available  
107 Raghuveer T, McGuire EM, Martin SM, Wagner BA, Rebouche CJ, Buettner GR, Widness JA. (2002) Lactoferrin attenuates iron induced oxidation products in preterm infants diet. Pediatric Res. 52: 964-972. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
108 Samavati L, Monick MM, Sanlioglu S, Buettner GR, Oberley LW, Hunninghake GW. (2002) Mitochondrial K-ATP channel openers activate the ERK kinase by an oxidant-dependent mechanism. Am J Physiol-Cell Physiol. 283: C273-C281. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
109 Zhang Y, Davies LR, Martin SM, Bawaney IM, Buettner GR, Kerber RE. (2003) Magnesium reduces free radical concentration and preserves left ventricular function after direct current shocks. Resuscitation. 56: 199-206. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
110 Wang HP, Schafer FQ, Goswami PC, Oberley LW, Buettner GR. (2003) Phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase induces a delay in G1 of the cell cycle. Free Rad Res. 37: 621-630. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
111 Clark CB, Zhang Y, Martin SM, Davies RL, Xu L, Kregel KC, Miller FJ, Buettner GR, Kerber RE. (2003) The nitric oxide synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine decreases defibrillation-induced free radical generation. Resuscitation 57: 101-108. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
112 Narushima S, Spitz DR, Oberley LW, Toyokuni S, Miyata T, Gunnett CA, Buettner GR, Zhang J, Ismail H, Lynch RG, Berg DJ. (2003) Evidence for oxidative stress in NSAID-induced colitis in IL10-/- mice. Free Radic Biol Med. 34: 1153-1166. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
113 Zhao, L, Wang HP, Zhang HJ, Weydert CJ, Domann FE, Oberley LW, Buettner GR. (2003) L-PhGPx expression can be suppressed by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides, Arch Biochem Biophys. 417: 212-218.   article .pdf available doi link available
114 Lam EWN, Kelley EE, Martin SM, Buettner GR (2003) Tobacco xenobiotics release nitric oxide. Tobacco Induced Diseases. 1:207-211.   article .pdf available  
115 Venkataraman S, Schafer FQ, Buettner GR. (2004) Detection of lipid radicals using EPR. Antioxidants and Redox Signaling, 6: 631-638.   article .pdf available doi link available
116 Evig CB, Kelley EE, Weydert CJ, Chu Y, Buettner GR, Burns CP.(2004) Endogenous production and exogenous exposure to nitric oxide augment doxorubicin cytotoxicity for breast cancer cells but not cardiac myoblasts. Nitric Oxide Biol Chem. 10: 119-129.   article .pdf available doi link available
117 Carter AB, Tephly LA, Venkataraman S, Oberley LW, Zhang Y, Buettner GR, Spitz DR, Hunninghake GW. (2004) High levels of catalase and glutathione peroxidase activity dampen H2O2 signaling in human alveolar macrophages. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 31: 43-53.   article .pdf available doi link available
118 Venkataraman S, Wagner BA, Jiang X, Wang HP, Schafer FQ, Ritchie JM, Burns CP, Oberley LW, Buettner GR. (2004) Overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase promotes the survival of prostate cancer cells exposed to hyperthermia. Free Rad Res. 38: 1119-1132.   article .pdf available doi link available
119 Venkataraman S, Jiang X, Weydert CJ, Zhang Y, Zhang HJ, Prabhat C Goswami PC, Ritchie JM, Oberley LW, Buettner GR. (2005) Manganese superoxide dismutase overexpression inhibits the growth of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells, Oncogene, 24: 77-89.   article .pdf available doi link available
120 Ahmad IM, Aykin-Burns N, Sim JE, Walsh SA, Higashikubo R, Buettner GR, Venkataraman S, Mackey MA, Flanagan SW, Oberley LW, Spitz DR. (2005) Mitochondrial O2·- and H2O2 mediate glucose deprivation-induced stress in human cancer cells. J Biol Chem. 280: 4254-4263.   article .pdf available doi link available
121 Wang M, Kirk JS, Venkataraman S, Domann FE, Zhang HJ, Schafer FQ, Flanagan SW, Weydert CJ, Spitz DR, Buettner GR, Oberley, LW. (2005) Manganese superoxide dismutase suppresses hypoxic induction of hypoxia inducible factor-1a and vascular endothelial growth factor. Oncogene, 24: 8154-8166.>   article .pdf available doi link available
122 Wagner BA, Evig CB, Reszka KJ, Buettner GR, Burns CP. (2005) Doxorubicin increases intracellular hydrogen peroxide in PC3 prostate cancer cells. Arch Biochem Biophys. 440: 181-190.   article .pdf available doi link available
123 Chen Q, Espey MG, Krishna MC, Mitchell JB, Corpe CP, Buettner GR, Shacter E, Levine M. (2005)  Ascorbic acid at pharmacologic concentrations selectively kills cancer cells: ascorbic acid as a pro-drug for hydrogen peroxide delivery to tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 102: 13604–13609.   article .pdf available doi link available
124 Hummel SG, Fischer AJ, Martin SM, Schafer FQ, Buettner GR. (2006) Nitric oxide as a cellular antioxidant:  A little goes a long way. Free Radic Biol Med. 40: 501-506.   article .pdf available doi link available
125 Kramarenko GG, Wilke WW, Dayal D, Buettner GR, Schafer FQ. (2006) Ascorbate Enhances the Toxicity of the Photodynamic Action of Verteporfin in HL-60 Cells. Free Radic Biol Med. 40:1615-1627.   article .pdf available doi link available
126 Yoon, SS, Coakley R, Lau GW, Lymar SV, Gaston B, Karabulut AC, Hennigan RF, Hwang SH, Buettner G, Schurr MJ, Mortensen JE, Burns JL, Speert D, Boucher RC, Hassett DJ. (2006) Anaerobic killing of mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa by acidified nitrite derivatives under cystic fibrosis airway conditions.  The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 116: 436-446.   article .pdf available doi link available
127 Reszka KJ, McCormick ML. Buettner GR, Hart MC, Britigan BE. (2006) Nitric oxide decreases the stability of DMPO spin adducts.  Nitric Oxide. 15:  133-141.   article .pdf available doi link available
128 Luo J, Li L, Zhang Y, Spitz DR, Buettner GR, Oberley LW, Domann FE. (2006) Inactivation of primary antioxidant enzymes in mouse keratinocytes by photodynamically generated singlet oxygen. Antioxid Redox Signal. 8(7-8): 1307-1314.   article .pdf available doi link available
129 Buettner GR, Ng CF, Wang W, Rodgers VGJ, Schafer FQ. (2006) A new paradigm: Manganese superoxide dismutase influences the production of H2O2 in cells and thereby their biological state. Free Radic Biol Med.  41: 1338-1350.   article .pdf available doi link available
130 Kramarenko GG, Hummel SG, Martin SM, Buettner GR. (2006) Ascorbate reacts with singlet oxygen to produce hydrogen peroxide.  Photochem Photobiol. 82: 1634-1637.   article .pdf available doi link available
131 Uc A, Reszka KJ, Buettner GR, Stokes JB. (2007)  Tin protoporphyrin induces intestinal chloride secretion by inducing light-oxidation processes.  Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 292: 1906-1914.   article .pdf available doi link available
132 Vislisel JM, Schafer FQ, Buettner GR. (2007)  A Simple and Sensitive Assay for Ascorbate Using a Plate Reader.  Analytical Biochemistry 365: 31-39.    article .pdf available doi link available
133 Wagner BA, Teesch LM, Buettner GR, Britigan BE, Burns CP, Reszka KJ. (2007) Inactivation of anthracyclines by serum heme proteins.  Chem Res Tox 20: 920-926.   article .pdf available doi link available
134 Chen Q, Espey MG, Sun AY, Lee JH, Krishna MC, Shacter E, Choyke PL, Pooput C, Kirk KL, Buettner GR, Levin M. (2007) Ascorbic acid in pharmacologic concentrations: a pro-drug for selective delivery of ascorbate radical and hydrogen peroxide to extracellular fluid in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 104: 8746-8754.   article .pdf available doi link available
135 Ng CF, Schafer FQ, Buettner GR, Rodgers VGJ. (2007) The rate of cellular hydrogen peroxide removal shows dependency on GSH: Mathematical insight into in vivo H2O2 and GPx concentrations. Free Rad Res. 41:1201-1211. PMID: 17886026 (Open Access)     doi link available
136 Bloomer SA, Brown KE, Buettner GR, Kregel KC. (2008) Dysregulation of hepatic iron with aging: implications for heat stress-induced oxidative liver injury. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 294: R1165-R1174. PMID: 18272664     doi link available
137 Kaewpila S, Venkataraman S, Buettner GR, Oberley LW. (2008) Manganese superoxide dismutase modulates Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α induction via superoxide. Cancer Res. 68(8):2781-2788. PMID: 18413745     doi link available
138 Pasanphan W, Buettner GR, Chirachanchai S. (2008) Chitosan conjugated with deoxycholic acid and gallic acid: A novel biopolymer-based additive antioxidant for polyethylene. J Applied Polymer Sci. 109: 38-46.     doi link available
139 Raghuveer TS, Buettner GR. (2008) Iron supplements and oxidative stress in very low birth weight infants. J Pediatircs. 152: 890-891. PMID: 18492540     doi link available
140 Song Y, Wagner BA, Lehmler H-J, Buettner GR. (2008) Semiquinone radicals from oxygenated polychlorinated biphenyls: Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Studies. Chem Res Tox. 21: 1359–1367. PMID: 18549251
(Open Access)
    doi link available
141 Venkatesha VA, Venkataraman S, Sarsour EH, Kalen AL, Buettner GR, Robertsson LW, Lehmler H-J, Goswami PC (2008) Catalase ameliorates polychlorinated biphenyl-induced cytotoxicity. in non-malignant human breast epithelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med. 45:1094-1102. PMID: 18691649     doi link available
142 Song Y, Buettner GR, Parkin S, Wagner BA, Robertson LW, Lehmler H-J. (2008) Chlorination increases the persistence of semiquinone free radicals derived from polychlorinated biphenyl hydroquinones and quinones. J Org Chem. 73:8296-8304. PMID: 18839991     doi link available
143 to be announced    

Reviews

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1 Oberley LW, Buettner GR. (1979) The role of superoxide dismutase in cancer: A review. Cancer Research 39:1141-1149. **Citation Classic** (650 citations) [Citation Commentary] abstract available article .pdf available
2 Chignell CF, Motten AG, Buettner GR. (1985) Photoinduced free radicals from chlorpromazine and related phenothiazines. Relationship to phenothiazine induced photosensitization. Environ Health Perspect 64:103-110. abstract available article .pdf available  
3 Buettner GR. (1987) Activation of oxygen by metal complexes and its relevance to autoxidative processes in living systems. Bioelectrochem Bioenergetics 18: 29-36.   article .pdf available doi link available
4 Buettner GR (1987) Spin trapping: ESR parameters of spin adducts. Free Radic Biol Med 3:259-303. (>800 citations) abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
5 Miller DM, Buettner GR and Aust SD. (1990) Transition metals as catalysts of `autoxidation´ reactions. Free Radic Biol Med 8:95-108. (>350 citations) abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
6 Buettner GR. (1993) The pecking order of free radicals and antioxidants: Lipid peroxidation, a-tocopherol, and ascorbate. As an Invited Review, Arch Biochem Biophys 300:535-543. ( >800 Citations) abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
7 Hall DM, Buettner GR, Gisolfi CV. (1997) In vivo detection of nitric oxide and NOx species using ex vivo electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Microchemical J 56:165-170.   article .pdf available doi link available
8 Buettner GR, Schafer FQ. (2000) Free Radicals, Oxidants, and Antioxidants. Teratology 62:234   article .pdf available  
9 Schafer FQ, Buettner GR. (2001) Redox state of the cell as viewed though the glutathione disulfide/glutathione couple. Free Radic Biol Med. 30:1191-1212. abstract available article .pdf available doi link available
10 Venkataraman S, Martin SM, Buettner GR. (2002) Electron Paramagnetic Resonance for Quantitation of Nitric Oxide in Aqueous Solutions. Meth Enzym 356:3-18.   article .pdf available

Books/Chapters

         
1 Buettner GR, Oberley LW. (1981) Oxygen, oxy radicals and superoxide dismutase in cancer and cancer treatment in Oxygen and Oxy Radicals in Chemistry and Biology, ed. by E. Powers and M.A.J. Rodgers, Academic Press, Inc., pp 606-609.
2 Leuthauser SWHC, Oberley LW, Oberley TD, Sorenson JR, Buettner GR. (1981) Antitumor activities of a copper chelate which has superoxide dismutase activity and an iron chelator in Oxygen and Oxy-Radicals in Chemistry and Biology, ed. by E. Powers and M.A.J. Rodgers, Academic Press, Inc., pp 679-682.  
3 Oberley LW, Leuthauser SWHC, Buettner GR, Sorenson JR, Oberley TD, Bize IB. (1982) The use of superoxide dismutase in the treatment of cancer in Pathology of Oxygen, ed. by A. Autor, Academic Press, Inc., pp 207?221.    
4 Buettner GR. (1982) The spin trapping of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals in Superoxide Dismutase Vol II., ed. by L.W. Oberley, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, Chap. 4, pp 63-81.  
5 Buettner GR. (1982) Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase in Inflammatory Diseases and Copper, ed. by J.R.J. Sorenson, Humana Press, pp 199-207. article .pdf available  
6 Buettner GR, Doherty TP. (1983) The apparent role of charge in the reaction of superoxide with Fe(III) chelates in Oxy Radicals and Their Scavenger Systems. Vol I: Molecular Aspects, ed. by Gerald Cohen and Robert Greenwald, Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc., pp 101-104.  
7 Buettner GR. (1985) The spin trapping of hydroxyl free radical in Handbook of Methods for Oxy Radical Research, ed. by R. Greenwald, pp 151-155, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.    
8 Buettner GR. (1985) Hematoporphyrin derivative and light produces the vitamin E radical in Primary Photo-Processes in Biology and Medicine, eds. R.V. Bensasson, G. Jori, E.J. Land and T.G. Truscott, Plenum Publishing Corp., pp 341-344.   article .pdf available  
9 Buettner GR, Mason RP. (1990) Spin-trapping methods for detecting oxygen-derived radical formation in vitro and in vivo. Methods in Enzymology, 186 127-133. article .pdf available  
10 Buettner GR. (1990) Ascorbate oxidation as an assay for metal ion contamination. Methods in Enzymology 186 125-127.   article .pdf available  
11 Spector AA, Moore SA, North LA, North JA, Kaduce TL, Buettner GR. (1993) Effects of Omega-3 fatty acids in endothelial cells in Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Metabolism and Biological Effects, ed. by C.A. Drevon, I. Baksaas and H.E. Krokan, pp 173?181, Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, Switzerland.      
12 Burns CP, Wagner BA, Kelley EE, Buettner GR. (1993) Neoplasis and Omega-3 fatty acids in Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Metabolism and Biological Effects, ed. by C.A. Drevon, I. Baksaas and H.E. Krokan, pp 305?314, Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, Boston, Berlin.      
13 Buettner GR, Jurkiewicz BA. (1995) Ascorbate Radical: A valuable marker of oxidative stress in Free Radical Methodologies, ed. by A. Favier, J. Cadet, B. Kalayanaraman, M. Fontecave, J.-L. Pierre, Birkhäuser Verlag AG, Boston, pp.145-164.   article .pdf available  
14 Jurkiewicz BJ, Buettner GR. (1995) UV light free radical formation in skin in The Oxygen Paradox, ed. by K.J.A. Davies and F. Ursini, CLEUP University Press, Padova Italy pp 561-570.      
15 Buettner GR, Jurkiewicz BA. (1996) Chemistry and Biochemistry of Ascorbic Acid in Handbook of Antioxidants, ed. by E. Cadenas and L. Packer, Marcel Dekker, Inc, New York, pp 91-115.   article .pdf available  
16 Hall DM, Buettner GR. (1996) The in vivo spin trapping of nitric oxide by heme: EPR detection ex vivo. Meth. Enzymology 268 188-192.   article .pdf available  
17 Bors W, Buettner GR. (1997) The vitamin C radical and its reactions in Vitamin C in Health and Disease, ed. by L. Packer and J. Fuchs, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, Chapter 4, pp75-94.   article .pdf available  
18 Buettner GR. (1999) EPR Spectroscopy: The basics. In General Aspects of the Chemistry of Radicals ed Alfassi ZB pp1-18, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.   article .pdf available  
19 Shick JM, Dunlap WC, Buettner GR. (2000) UV protection in marine organisms: II. Biosynthesis, accumulation, and functions of mycosporine-like amino acids. Free Radicals in Chemistry, Biology and Medicine. Edited by T. Yoshikawa, S. Toyokuni, Y. Yamamoto and Y. Naito. OICA International, London. pp215-228.      
20 Burns CP, Kelley EE, Wagner BA, Garry R. Buettner. (2002) Role of nitric oxide and membrane phospholipid polyunsaturation in oxidative cell death. In: Subcellular Biochemistry, Vol 36, Phospholipid Metabolism in Apoptosis (eds P. Quinn and V. Kagan), Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Press, New York, 97-121.      
21 Venkataraman S, Martin SM, Buettner GR. (2002) EPR methods for the quantitation of nitric oxide in aqueous solutions. Meth Enzymology. 359:3-18   article .pdf available  
22 Hall DM, Buettner GR. (2002) In vivo detection of transition metals and nitrosyl-heme complexes using ex vivo electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. In: Methods in Molecular Biology: Vol 196: Ultrastructual and Molecular Biology Protocols. Ed. Armstrong D. Humana Press Inc Totowa, NJ.      
23 Schafer FQ, Kelley EE, Buettner GR. (2003) Oxidative stress and antioxidant intervention. In: Oxidative Stress and Aging, Critical Reviews. Eds. Cutler RG, Rodriguez H. World Scientific Publishing, River Edge, NJ, Chapter 49, pp 849-869.   article .pdf available  
24 Buettner GR, Mason RP. (2003) Spin trapping methods for detecting superoxide and hydroxyl free radicals in vitro and in vivo. In: Oxidative Stress and Aging, Critical Reviews. Eds Cutler RG, Rodriguez H. World Scientific Publishing, River Edge, NJ, Chapter 2, pp 27-38   article .pdf available  
25 Schafer FQ, Buettner GR. (2003) Redox state and redox environment in Biology. In Signal Transduction by Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species: Pathways and Chemical Principles. Eds Forman HJ, Torres M, Fukuto J. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, Chapter 1, pp. 1-14.   article .pdf available  
26 Buettner GR, Schafer FQ. (2004) Ascorbate (Vitamin C) as an Antioxidant. in Vitamin C: Its Functions and Biochemistry in Animals and Plants. Ed May JM, Asard H, Smirnoff N. BIOS Scientific Publishers. pp 173-188.    

Electronic Publications

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1 Buettner, GR (1998). Antioxidant Enzymes and Functions. Sunrise Free Radical School for Oxygen Society. article .pdf available  
2 Buettner GR. (1999) Antioxidants: How they work in plastics and people. Sunrise Free Radical School for Oxygen Society. article .pdf available  
3 Buettner GR. (2001) Free Radical Basics: Concepts and considerations. Sunrise Free Radical School for Oxygen Society.   article .pdf available  
4 Buettner GR, Schafer FQ. (2002 Free Radical Nomenclature: A beginning. Virtual Free Radical School for Oxygen Society. article .pdf available  
5 Buettner GR, Schafer FQ. (2002) SI Units. Virtual Free Radical School for Oxygen Society. article .pdf available  
6 Schafer FQ, Buettner GR. (2002) Redox State and Redox Environment. Virtual Free Radical School for Oxygen Society. article .pdf available PowerPoint Available
7 Buettner GR, Schafer FQ. (2002) Ascorbate (Vitamin C), its Antioxidant Chemistry. Virtual Free Radical School for Oxygen Society.   article .pdf available PowerPoint Available
8 Buettner GR. (2003) Chalcogen Chemistry and Biochemistry: The Many Faces of O, S, and Se in Proteins and Enzymes. Sunrise Free Radical School, Society for Free Radical Biology and Medicine   article .pdf available PowerPoint Available
9 Schafer FQ, Buettner GR (2008) Targets of Photosensitization: Lipids, Proteins and Nucleic Acids, Photobiology Textbook Online. (An update of Schafer FQ, Buettner GR (2004, Updated in 2008) Targets of Photosensitization: Lipids, Proteins and Nucleic Acids, The Digital Photobiology Compendium abstract available    

Other

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1 Buettner, GR. (1983) Strawberry Daiquiri First Place Winner, Montgomery County Strawberry Festival Recipes (ed. A. Strong) Crawfordsville, Indiana. article .pdf available
2 Buettner, G.R. (1992) Iron, chelating agents, and oxygen radicals. Citation Classic Commentary in Current Contents Life Sciences, p8. [Citation Commentary] article .pdf available  
3 Buettner GR. (2006) Commentary on "Faster plasma vitamin E disappearance in smokers normalized by vitamin C supplemation". Free Radic Biol Med. 40: 555-556.
  article .pdf available  
4 Buettner GR. (1997) In: C. Rice-Evans, B. Halliwell and G.G. Lunt, Editors, Free Radicals and Oxidative Stress: Environment, Drugs and Food Additives (Biochemical Society Symposium No. 61), Portland Press (1995) ISBN 1 85578 069 0, p. x+276. Book Review, Trends in Food Science and Technology, Volume 8, Issue 2, February 1997, Pages 64-65.   article .pdf available  
5 Buettner, GR, Samson FE, Schafer FQ. (2004) Free radicals in brain, functions and failures. Encyclopedia of Neuroscience. 3rd edition, on CD-ROM (ISBN-10: 0-444-51432-5) Eds, Adelman G. Smith BH., Elsevier, New York.   article .pdf available  
6 Buettner GR, Schaefer FQ. (2006) Albert Szent-Gyorgyi: Vitamin C identification. The Biochemist. 28(5): 31-33.   article .pdf available